AI risk of bias assessment is the use of a large language model (LLM) to rate the risk of bias of each study in a systematic review. In a 2026 study that our team co-authored, GPT-5-mini matched the expert consensus in 64.5% of 1,007 ratings. Each expert reviewer matched it…
A meta-analysis, also written as meta analysis, is a statistical procedure that combines the results of two or more separate studies into one estimate. It is a calculation, normally run inside a systematic review, that decides which studies go into it.The distinction matters because the calculation is the easy part.…
A PRISMA flow diagram accounts for every record a systematic review found, from the thousands a search returns to the studies the review includes. Each box holds a count and each arrow a subtraction, so a reader can check the whole chain.That check is why reviewers ask for it. The…
A systematic review, or systematic literature review, is a review with three things needed before the work starts: a protocol, a reproducible search strategy, and explicit criteria for what counts as relevant evidence. The screening, the extraction, and the appraisal all elaborate those three commitments. If that definition sounds procedural,…
